Echinoccocus is a tissue infection caused by the Echinococcus granulosus worm.

Alternative Names

Hydatidosis; Hydatid disease, Hydatid cyst disease

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

Echinoccocus is common in southern South America, the Mediterranean, the Middle East, central Asia, and Africa. In the US, the disease has been reported in California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah. Humans become infected when they swallow eggs in contaminated food. The infection is carried to the liver, where cysts form. Cysts can also form in the lungs, as well as in the brain, bones, skeletal muscles, kidney, spleen, and other tissues. A liver cyst may produce no symptoms for 10 to 20 years until it is large enough to be felt by physical examination or to produce symptoms. Risk factors include exposure to cattle, sheep, pigs, or deer or exposure to the feces of dogs, wolves, or coyotes. The incidence is very low in the US.

Signs and tests

A

physical examination may reveal abdominal pain, involvement of other organs, skin signs and occasionally, shock. Tests to determine the presence and location of the cysts are:

a

chest X-ray

a

thoracic CT scan or ultrasound

an

abdominal X-ray

an

abdominal CT scan or ultrasound

test for antibodies to echinococcus

liver function tests may be elevated

Treatment

Many patients can be successfully treated with albendazole or mebendazole, which must often be used in long courses of up to three months. Another drug, praziquantel, may be helpful in combinations with albendazole or mebendazole. If the cysts are in troublesome locations, the definitive treatment is to remove them surgically if the patient's condition permits the procedure. This can be a complicated type of surgery.

Expectations (prognosis)

The probable outcome is good for people with cysts that respond to oral medication treatment.

Complications

The cysts may rupture and cause severe illness, including fever, low blood pressure, and shock. In such cases, the cysts may also disperse and cause widespread disease throughout the body.

Calling your health care provider

Call your health care provider if symptoms suggestive of this disorder develop.

Prevention

In endemic areas, health education and routine worming of dogs to remove tapeworms help prevent the disease.