Asymptomatic bacteriuria is a bacterial urinary tract infection that occurs without any of the usual symptoms.
Causes, incidence, and risk factors
Asymptomatic bacteriuria occurs in up to 6% of healthy individuals. It affects 18% of diabetics (mostly women) and 20% of elderly individuals (more often women than men). The reasons for the lack of symptoms are not well-understood. Most patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria do not need treatment because the bacteria isn't causing any harm. However, certain groups are at a higher risk for kidney infections if asymptomatic bacteriuria is found via a urine test. Those at risk include:
People with diabetes Elderly people Pregnant women -- if asymptomatic bacteriuria is left untreated, up to 40% will develop a kidney infection (pyelonephritis). Renal (kidney) transplant patients Young children with vesicoureteral reflux Patients with infected kidney stones
Signs and tests
Asymptomatic bacteriuria is detected by the discovery of significant bacterial growth in a urine culture taken from a urine sample.
Treatment
Not all patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria respond to treatment. Pregnant women, renal transplant recipients, children with vesicoureteral reflux, and people with infected kidney stones appear to be more likely to benefit from treatment with antibiotics. In addition, if asymptomatic bacteriuria is seen prior to a urological procedure, it should be treated to prevent complications of the procedure. The course of therapy in these cases depends on underlying risk factors.
Expectations (prognosis)
Most individuals with asymptomatic bacteriuria who do not have risk factors for complications do extremely well and do not have any increased rates of symptomatic infections or decrease in kidney function. The prognosis for treatment in the high-risk group category is favorable if detected early, but it depends on the underlying conditions/illnesses of the individual.
Complications
Individuals in high-risk groups have a significant risk of progressing to a true kidney infection if the bacteriuria is not treated. In certain cases, such as renal transplant recipients, kidney infection may lead to loss of kidney function.
Calling your health care provider
If you have been told you have asymptomatic bacteriuria and you are in a high-risk group for complications -- notify your health care provider. Also, if you begin to develop fever, difficulty voiding, painful urination, flank pain/back pain -- notify your provider as you will need to be evaluated for a bladder or kidney infection.